History of California

The history of California can be divided into several periods: the Native American period; European exploration period from 1542 to 1769; the Spanish colonial period, 1769 to 1821; the Mexican period, 1821 to 1848; and United States statehood, which continues to the present day.

The early history of California is characterized by being surrounded by barriers nearly isolating the state: the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Sierra Nevada mountains backed by the nearly barren Great Basin in the east, the Mojave Desert and Sonora Desert areas in the southeast and Redwood–Douglas fir forests to the northwest.

The near isolation of the California Indian tribes led them to develop cultures different than the other Indian cultures in the Americas. California Indians tribes had essentially no agriculture (with the exception of the Colorado River Indians) and were hunter-gatherers. The Indians had no crops, advanced cities, accumulated wealth or organized civilizations to exploit. The Spaniards, after initial explorations, left Alta California alone for over 200 years. Relative isolation continued even after church state Spanish Mission, Presidio and pueblo settlements began in 1769.

The only easy communication with the rest of New Spain (Mexico) was by ship as the Quechan (Yuma) Indians shut down the Anza Trail in 1781. This trail (discovered 1776) across Arizona along the Gila and the Colorado River crossing (Yuma Crossing) was the only "easy" way by land from Mexico to California. Essentially the only communication from Mexico to California was via a 30-50 day sailing ship voyage against the south bound California Current and the often opposing winds. The sailing ship trip from California to Mexico was much easier but you had to get to California before you could take it. Since California initially had very few settlers and essentially no exports and could afford only a very few imports for its few inhabitants ships to and from California were few.

The average number of ships going to Alta California from 1770 to 1821 was 2.5 ship/year with 13 years showing no recorded ships. These few of ships brought even fewer new residents and increases in the Californio population were nearly all by internal growth of the original settlers. After Mexico acquired the Province of California in 1821 the Californios started developing approximately 500 large (over 18,000 acres (73 km2) each) Ranchos of California, most granted on former Mission lands for little or no money to friends and family of the California authorities.

The Californios lived mostly on their ranchos or at the five pueblos (towns) in California. These ranchos raised cattle, sheep, horses and other livestock that more or less raised themselves.

The Californios did little work themselves relying on the former Mission Indians to do the vast majority of all agricultural sowing and harvesting of crops, irrigation, cattle herding, fence building, building construction, laundry, cleaning, cooking, etc. work in town or rancho. Nearly all males rode to where ever they were going at nearly all times making them excellent riders. They indulged in many fiestas, fandangos, rodeos and roundups as the rancho owners often went from rancho to rancho on a large horse bound party circuit. Weddings, christenings, funerals and other church activities were all "celebrated" with large gatherings.

California in this period has been described as a large unfenced pasture.

The only fences were those required to protect crops from cows or horses eating or trampling them. Starting about 1825 the Mission population started decreasing rapidly as Indian deaths far exceeded births. The Mission Indian population decreased from over 80,000 in 1820 to only a few thousand in 1840.

The rancho's hide-and-tallow trade finally gave the Californio residents something to trade. A few ships a year brought manufactured goods like glass windows, nails, hinges, fancy shawls, boots, elaborate belts, capes etc. from Boston, Massachusetts and Britain to California and exchanged them for their hide-and-tallow "crop".

By 1846 the mostly American whaling industry was being developed in the Pacific Ocean again leading to a few whaling ships stopping in California for fresh water, wood and vegetables they could get in exchange for a few trade goods. Most Pacific whaling ships stopped at the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii) which had over 100 whaling vessels temporarily based there by 1845.

To avoid the high custom duties (tariffs) of 40-100% imposed by the Californio authorities in Monterey, California many preferred to first land in the San Francisco Bay area to get the most for their imported trading goods. Smuggling and bribery were common. The various acquired diseases and abuse of the Mission Indian population caused them to decline from over 80,000 in 1820 to only a few thousand by 1846.

This process was speeded up when in 1834-1836 the Mexican government, responding to complaints that the Catholic Church owned too much land (over 90% of all settled land in California), secularized (dismantled) the Spanish Missions in California and essentially turned the Indians loose to survive on their own. Most of the Indians went from doing unpaid labor at the Missions to doing unpaid labor as servants in the Pueblos or workers on the ranchos. Other Indians returned to small Indian settlements in the unsettled Central Valley and Sierra Mountains of California.Find deals on vacations, rental cars & cruises

As the Mission Indians rapidly declined in population and their Missions were dismantled most of the agriculture, orchards, vineyards, etc. raised by the Mission Indians rapidly declined. By 1850 the Hispanic (Spanish speaking) population had grown to about 9,000 with about 1,500-2,000 adult males.

By 1846 there were about 2,000 emigrant non-Hispanics (nearly all adult men) with from 60,000 to 90,000 California Indians throughout the state. Beginning in about 1844 the California Trail was established and started bringing new settlers to California as its relative isolation started to break.
The Mexican-American War began in May 1846 and the few marines and bluejacket sailors of the Pacific Squadron and the California Battalion of volunteer militia had California under U. S. control by January 1847 as all the Pueblos in California surrendered without firing a shot.

In February 1848 the war was over, the 25 years of Mexican misrule with over 40 different Mexican Presidents was over and the boundary disputes with Texas and the territorial acquisition of what would become several new states was paid for with a $15,000,000 settlement. The California Gold Rush, beginning in January 1848, increased California’s non Indian, non-Hispanic population to over 100,000 by 1850.

This increased population and prosperity eventually led to the Congressional Compromise of 1850 which admitted California in 1850 as a free state—the 31st.

One hundred sixty one years of rapid progress began.

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